The Knowledge Tree

Medical Definition of Anesthesia  Loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness that is artificially produced by the administration of one or more agents that block the passage of pain impulses along nerve pathways to brain   About Anesthesia Anesthesia is the use of medicine to prevent or reduce the feeling of pain or sensation during painful procedure such as getting stitches or surgery. Anesthesia is given as an injection or through inhaled gases or vapour, different type of anesthesia effect the nervous system in various ways by blocking nerve impulses and, therefore pain.  Anesthesiologist: An anesthesiologist is a doctor who specializes in given and managing anesthetics medicines that numb an area of the body or help a person fall asleep and stay asleep An anesthesiologist administers medicine during surgery to help patients relax and fall asleep. The anesthesiologist is present during an operation to watch over patients and make sure they have no pain. Th...

Most heart attacks are discomfort. Involved discomfort in the middle of chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or that goes away and come back. It feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain.  A heart attack is a frightening experience. If a person have experienced a heart attack, or you are close with someone who have, you should know this frightening experience.  What is heart attack (Myocardial infarction) We all know heart muscle need oxygen to survive. A heart attack occurs when the blood flow that brings oxygen to heart muscle is severely reduced or cut off completely. This happened because coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle with flood flow can become narrowed from a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substance that together called Plaque. This slow process is known as Atherosclerosis. If one of the plaques crack, a blood clot will form which can block the artery and cause a heart attack.  Medical terms for heart attack may includ...

Coronavirus is a respiratory virus and disease. It is spread by droplets from sneezes and coughs and touching infected surfaces. We know that at least 80% of people who are infected with the virus will have mild to moderate flu like symptoms, including cough and fever. The remaining 20% may develop more severe cases of coronavirus may develop pneumonia or severe acute respiratory Syndrome. So one of weapon to fight against COVID-19 is to make our lungs healthy. A fit body, a calm mind, a house full of love. These things cannot be bought they must be earned- Naval Ravikant  We often don't consider the important role our lungs play in keeping us strong and well. It's not untill we experience problems breathing that we take notice. But the truth is, like the rest of our body, our lungs need daily care and attention. Your lungs allow your body to take in oxygen from the air and clear carbon dioxide from your body. This gas exchange is an essential part of breathing, which is vital ...

The coronavirus out break came to light on the December 2019, when in china a cluster of cases of pneumonia of an unknown cause in Wuhan city. The disease spread to more provinces in china, and to rest of world. The WHO (World Health Organization) has now declared it a pandemic. The virus has been named SARS-COV-2 and the disease is called COVID-19  We know that a majority nearly 80% of COVID-19 infections are asymptomatic or mild and may not require hospitalisation. But in all most five percent of all patients, the disease can turn critical.  In these severe cases, the virus causes damage to lungs, causing the body's oxygen levels to drop and making it harder to breathe. Now when some critically ill patients suffer extreme lung damage and struggle to breathe, they need to be admitted in an intensive care unit (ICU) and a subset of them need to be put in ventilator. Here is what we need to know about ventilators and why they are needed during COVID-19 What is venti...

Oxygen is all around us in the air that we breathe, and that is a good thing because we could not live without it. Oxygen is so important that it will lead to death if we are deprived of it for only a short time.  Why is oxygen important to our bodies?  Oxygen is needed so that the chemical energy from food, which our bodies need for life, can be liberated via oxidation. The chemical reactions have to transfer the electrons somewhere, and Oxygen has the second affinity in the periodic table, i.e., the reactions proceed fast and easily, so food energy converts to life rapidly  Also, oxygen, as a pure element, has a standard entropy of 0, while carbonic acid has a high entropy at body temperature. This enables us to literally breathe off entropy from our bodies  How much oxygen do we need to survive  Normal levels of arterial blood oxygen are between 75 and 100 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). An oxygen level of 60mmHg or lower indicates the need for supplemental ox...

CytoSorb  The CytoSorb Device is non pyrogenic, sterile, single use device containing adsorbent polymer beads designed to remove cytokine, as blood passes through the device. CytoSorb is placed in a blood pump circuit. CytoSorb is a European Union-approved extracorporeal cytokine adsorber, designed to broadly reduce cytokine strom and other inflammatory mediators in the blood that could otherwise lead to uncontrolled systemic inflammation, organ failure, and death in many life-threatening illnesses.  COVID-19 background  There are two problems in severe COVID-19 infection. First, the virus infects the lower respiratory track, causing direct pulmonary injury through viral replication, leading to viral pneumonia and pneumonitis. The virus is also detected in the bloodstream, and may cause direct cardiac injury, liver injury, and other remote organ injury  The sceond problem in coronavirus COVID-19 infection is the development of a cytokine storm, driving a severe syste...

A noval coronavirus COVID-19 was first identified in December 2019 in the Wuhan, china. This is a new coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans  Coronavirus are large family of viruses that to cause illness raning from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Mild East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)  Like many others, you probably have questions about CORONAVIRUS. Those questions may have to do with how the virus is able to spread.  How does Coronavirus COVID-19 spread  Person to Person transmission : Experts believe that causes of coronavirus COVID-19 spreads mainly from person to person there are several ways this can happen Droplets: When an infected people coughs, sneezes, or talks, droplets with virus fly into air from there nose or mouth. Anyone with 6 feet of that person can breathe those droplets into their lungs. Aerosolized transmission: Research shows that the virus can live in air for up...

The health community across the world is looking at plasma or antibody therapy to battle coronavirus COVID-19. Convalescent plasma has been listed as a one of therapeutic methode. In india, many states have received the approval of ICMR for convalescent plasma therapy. But so far, ICMR doesn't recommend it as a treatment option outside clinical trials.  In the search for an effective treatment for coronavirus COVID-19, an old method of fighting infectious diseases has recently resurfaced transfusion with convalescent plasma. Plasma is component of blood. This method has a simple premise. The blood of people who have recovered from an Infection contain antibodies. Antibodies are molecules that have learned to recognise and fight the pathogens, such as viruses, that have caused disease.   What is Convalescent plasma therapy Convalescent plasma treatment involves injecting the coronavirus COVID-19 patient with convalescent sera  (convalescent sera is the serum of COVID-...

The cytokine-targeted biological therapies can improve out come in CRS (Cytokine Release Syndrome) or MAS (Macrophage Activation Syndrome) and even in sepsis. Tocilizumab an anti-IL-6R biological therapy, has been approved for treatment of CRS and used in the patients with MAS. Based on these data, it is hypothesized that Tocilizumab can reduce mortality in patients with severe COVID-19 prone to CRS and ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) The respiratory syndrome by Coronavirus first discovered in December 19 in china (Wuhan) is causing a worldwide pandemic with potentially lethal implications on individual basis, and on the large scale brining the health care system to its limits. The mortality rate of this coronavirus COVID-19 has been estimated by world health organization (WHO) to be 3.7% which is more than 10 fold higher than the mortality of influenza  How coronavirus effect the Respiratory system  Coronavirus can affect the upper respiratory system (nose, sinuses...