The Knowledge Tree

  Coronavirus  According to W.H.O. coranavirus (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered CORONAVIRUS  What does COVID-19 stand for? CO stands for corona  VI stands for virus  D stands for disease  19 formerly, this disease was referred to as 2019 novel coronavirus or 2019- nCOV The COVID-19 virus, is the newly virus linked to the same family of viruses as severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and some type of common cold  VIROLOGY  Coronavirues are classified as family with in the Nidovirales order viruses that replicate using a nested set of mRNAs(nido-for-nest). They coronavirus subfamily is further classified into four genera: apha, beta, gamma, delta coronavirues. The human coronavirues ( HCoVs) are in two of these genera: alpha coronavirues (HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63) and beta coronavirues (HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43) Viral composition  Coronavirues are medium sized enveloped postive-stranded RNA viruses whose name deri...

Routes of Drug Administration The route of administration (ROA) that is chosen may have profound effect upon the speed and efficiency with which the drug acts. Definition  A route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poision or other substance is brought into contact with the body Drugs are introduced into the body by several routes. They may be  Taken by mouth ( orally)  Injection routes given by injection into vein ( intravenously, iv ) into the muscle ( intramuscular, IM ) into space around the spinal cord (intrathecally), or beneath the skin (subcutaneously,SC) Place under the tongue ( sublingually) or between gums and check(buccally) Inserted in rectum (rectally) or vagina(vaginally) Place in eye( ocular route) or ear ( by the otic route) Nasally sprayed into nose and absorbed through nasal membranes  Breathed into the lungs, usually through the mouth ( by inhalation ) or mouth and nose ( by nebulization) Applied to the skin ( cutaneously ) for ...

PHARMACOKINETICS  HOW THE HUMAN BODY ACT ON THE DRUGS  PHARMACOKINETICS (PK) is quantitative study of drug movement in, through and out of the body. Intensity of effect is related to concentration of the drug at the site of action, which depends on its pharmacokinetics properties PHARMACOKINETICS properties of particular drug is important to determine the route of administration, dose, onset of action, peak action time, duration and frequency of dosing  PHARMACOKINETICS define as quantitative study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME ), and their mathematical relationship  LIBERATION LIBERATION is the first step in the process by which medication enters the body and liberates the active ingredient that has been administered. The pharmaceutical drug must seprate from the vehicle or the excipient that it was mixed during manufacturing  ABSORPTION  ABSORPTION refers to the movement of medication from where it entered the body to t...

Pharmacology Pharmacology is the science of how drugs and other compounds interact with biological systems from the molecule to the cell to the organ to the whole of you or any other living thing. It's critical to medicine, psychiatry, dentistry, veterinary science , Pharmacology is at heart of a range of crucial medical discoveries that improve everyday life.  Basic Introduction to Pharmacology Pharmacology is all about study of followings  1 Drugs  2 Drugs effect on body  3 Body response for drug  Pharmacology is derived from word pharmaconlogos  Pharmacon+logos =  the study about drugs  Pharmacon means Drugs/ Medicine Logos means to study  So we join two words together  pharmacon+ logos is called pharmacology Before deep diving into pharmacology we should have some knowledge of Drug  1 Drug  Drug is define as a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to living organism, produc...